Pro*C/C++ Precompiler Programmer's Guide
Release 8.1.5

A68022-01

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Preface

What This Guide Has to Offer
Who Should Read This Guide?
How the Pro*C/C++ Guide Is Organized
Conventions Used in This Guide
BNF Notation
ANSI/ISO Compliance
Requirements
Does the Oracle Pro*C/C++ Precompiler Meet Industry Standards?
Compliance
Certification
FIPS Flagger
Migrating an Application from Earlier Releases
Your Comments Are Welcome.

1 Introduction

What Is an Oracle Precompiler?
Why Use the Oracle Pro*C/C++ Precompiler?
Why Use SQL?
Why Use PL/SQL?
What Does the Pro*C/C++ Precompiler Offer?
Frequently Asked Questions

2 Precompiler Concepts

Key Concepts of Embedded SQL Programming
Embedded SQL Statements
Embedded SQL Syntax
Static Versus Dynamic SQL Statements
Embedded PL/SQL Blocks
Host and Indicator Variables
Oracle Datatypes
Arrays
Datatype Equivalencing
Private SQL Areas, Cursors, and Active Sets
Transactions
Errors and Warnings
Steps in Developing an Embedded SQL Application
Programming Guidelines
Comments
Constants
Declare Section
Delimiters
File Length
Function Prototyping
Host Variable Names
Line Continuation
Line Length
MAXLITERAL Default Value
Operators
Statement Terminator
Conditional Precompilations
Defining Symbols
An Example
Precompiling Separately
Guidelines
Compiling and Linking
Sample Tables
Sample Data
Sample Program: A Simple Query

3 Database Concepts

Connecting to the Database
Using the ALTER AUTHORIZATION Clause to Change Passwords
Connecting Using Net8
Automatic Connects
Advanced Connection Options
Some Preliminaries
Concurrent Logons
Default Databases and Connections
Explicit Connections
Implicit Connections
Definitions of Transactions Terms
How Transactions Guard Your Database
How to Begin and End Transactions
Using the COMMIT Statement
Using the SAVEPOINT Statement
Using the ROLLBACK Statement
Statement-Level Rollbacks
Using the RELEASE Option
Using the SET TRANSACTION Statement
Overriding Default Locking
Using FOR UPDATE OF
Using LOCK TABLE
Fetching Across COMMITs
Handling Distributed Transactions
Guidelines
Designing Applications
Obtaining Locks
Using PL/SQL

4 Datatypes and Host Variables

Oracle Datatypes
Internal Datatypes
External Datatypes
Host Variables
Declaring Host Variables
Referencing Host Variables
Indicator Variables
Using the Keyword INDICATOR
An Example
Guidelines
Oracle Restrictions
VARCHAR Variables
Declaring VARCHAR Variables
Referencing VARCHAR Variables
Returning NULLs to a VARCHAR Variable
Inserting NULLs Using VARCHAR Variables
Passing VARCHAR Variables to a Function
Finding the Length of the VARCHAR Array Component
Sample Program: Using sqlvcp()
Cursor Variables
Declaring a Cursor Variable
Allocating a Cursor Variable
Opening a Cursor Variable
Closing and Freeing a Cursor Variable
Using Cursor Variables with the OCI (Release 7 Only)
Restrictions
A Sample Program
CONTEXT Variables
Universal ROWIDs
Function SQLRowidGet()
Host Structures
Host Structures and Arrays
PL/SQL Records
Nested Structures and Unions
Host Indicator Structures
Sample Program: Cursor and a Host Structure
Pointer Variables
Declaring Pointer Variables
Referencing Pointer Variables
Structure Pointers
National Language Support
NCHAR Variables
CHARACTER SET [IS] NCHAR_CS
Environment Variable NLS_NCHAR
CONVBUFSZ Clause in VAR
Character Strings in Embedded SQL
Strings Restrictions
Indicator Variables

5 Advanced Topics

Handling Character Data
Precompiler Option CHAR_MAP
Inline Usage of the CHAR_MAP Option
Effect of the DBMS and CHAR_MAP Options
VARCHAR Variables and Pointers
Unicode Variables
Datatype Conversion
Datatype Equivalencing
Host Variable Equivalencing
User-Defined Type Equivalencing
CHARF External Datatype
Using the EXEC SQL VAR and TYPE Directives
Sample4.pc: Datatype Equivalencing
The C Preprocessor
How the Pro*C/C++ Preprocessor Works
Preprocessor Directives
ORA_PROC Macro
Specifying the Location of Header Files
Some Preprocessor Examples
SQL Statements Not Allowed in #include
Including the SQLCA, ORACA, and SQLDA
EXEC SQL INCLUDE and #include Summary
Defined Macros
Include Files
Precompiled Header Files
Creating a Precompiled Header File
Using Precompiled Header Files
Examples
Effects of Options
Usage Notes
The Oracle Preprocessor
Defining Symbols
An Oracle Preprocessor Example
Evaluation of Numeric Constants
Using Numeric Constants in Pro*C/C++
Numeric Constant Rules and Examples
SQLLIB Extensions for OCI Release 8 Interoperability
Establishing and Terminating a Runtime Context and OCI Release 8 Environment
Parameters in the OCI Release 8 Environment Handle
Interfacing to OCI Release 8
SQLEnvGet()
SQLSvcCtxGet()
Embedding OCI Calls
Embedding (OCI Release 7) Calls
Setting Up the LDA
Remote and Multiple Connections
New Names for SQLLIB Public Functions
Developing X/Open Applications
Oracle-Specific Issues

6 Embedded SQL

Using Host Variables
Output versus Input Host Variables
Using Indicator Variables
Inserting NULLs
Handling Returned NULLs
Fetching NULLs
Testing for NULLs
Fetching Truncated Values
The Basic SQL Statements
Using the SELECT Statement
Using the INSERT Statement
Using the UPDATE Statement
Using the DELETE Statement
Using the WHERE Clause
The DML Returning Clause
Using Cursors
Using the DECLARE CURSOR Statement
Using the OPEN Statement
Using the FETCH Statement
Using the CLOSE Statement
The CLOSE_ON_COMMIT Precompiler Option
The PREFETCH Option
Optimizer Hints
Issuing Hints
Using the CURRENT OF Clause
Restrictions
Using All of the Cursor Statements
A Complete Example

7 Embedded PL/SQL

Advantages of PL/SQL
Better Performance
Integration with Oracle
Cursor FOR Loops
Procedures and Functions
Packages
PL/SQL Tables
User-Defined Records
Embedding PL/SQL Blocks
Using Host Variables
An Example
A More Complex Example
VARCHAR Pseudotype
Restriction
Using Indicator Variables
Handling NULLs
Handling Truncated Values
Using Host Arrays
ARRAYLEN Statement
Optional Keyword EXECUTE
Cursor Usage in Embedded PL/SQL
Stored PL/SQL and Java Subprograms
Creating Stored Subprograms
Calling a Stored PL/SQL or Java Subprogram
Getting Information about Stored Subprograms
External Procedures
Restrictions on External Procedures
Creating the External Procedure
The SQLExtProcError Function
Using Dynamic SQL

8 Host Arrays

Why Use Arrays?
Declaring Host Arrays
Restrictions
Maximum Size of Arrays
Using Arrays in SQL Statements
Referencing Host Arrays
Using Indicator Arrays
Oracle Restrictions
ANSI Restriction and Requirements
Selecting into Arrays
Cursor Fetches
Using sqlca.sqlerrd[2]
Number of Rows Fetched
Sample Program 3: Host Arrays
Restrictions
Fetching NULLs
Fetching Truncated Values
Inserting with Arrays
Restrictions
Updating with Arrays
Restrictions
Deleting with Arrays
Restrictions
Using the FOR Clause
Restrictions
Using the WHERE Clause
Arrays of Structs
Using Arrays of Structs
Restrictions on Arrays of Structs
Declaring an Array of Structs
Using Indicator Variables
Declaring a Pointer to an Array of Structs
Examples
Mimicking CURRENT OF

9 Handling Runtime Errors

The Need for Error Handling
Error Handling Alternatives
Status Variables
The SQL Communications Area
The SQLSTATE Status Variable
Declaring SQLSTATE
SQLSTATE Values
Using SQLSTATE
Declaring SQLCODE
Key Components of Error Reporting Using the SQLCA
Status Codes
Warning Flags
Rows-Processed Count
Parse Error Offset
Error Message Text
Using the SQL Communications Area (SQLCA)
Declaring the SQLCA
What's in the SQLCA?
Structure of the SQLCA
PL/SQL Considerations
Getting the Full Text of Error Messages
Using the WHENEVER Statement
Conditions
Actions
Some Examples
Use of DO BREAK and DO CONTINUE
Scope of WHENEVER
Guidelines for WHENEVER
Obtaining the Text of SQL Statements
Restrictions
Sample Program
Using the Oracle Communications Area (ORACA)
Declaring the ORACA
Enabling the ORACA
What's in the ORACA?
Choosing Runtime Options
Structure of the ORACA
An ORACA Example

10 Precompiler Options

The Precompiler Command
Case Sensitivity
Precompiler Options
Precedence of Option Values
Macro and Micro Options
Configuration Files
What Occurs during Precompilation?
Scope of Options
Quick Reference
Entering Options
On the Command Line
Inline
Using the Precompiler Options
AUTO_CONNECT
CHAR_MAP
CLOSE_ON_COMMIT
CODE
COMP_CHARSET
CONFIG
CPP_SUFFIX
DBMS
DEF_SQLCODE
DEFINE
DURATION
DYNAMIC
ERRORS
ERRTYPE
FIPS
HEADER
HOLD_CURSOR
INAME
INCLUDE
INTYPE
LINES
LNAME
LTYPE
MAXLITERAL
MAXOPENCURSORS
MODE
NLS_CHAR
NLS_LOCAL
OBJECTS
ONAME
ORACA
PAGELEN
PARSE
PREFETCH
RELEASE_CURSOR
SELECT_ERROR
SQLCHECK
SYS_INCLUDE
THREADS
TYPE_CODE
UNSAFE_NULL
USERID
VARCHAR
VERSION

11 Multithreaded Applications

What are Threads?
Runtime Contexts in Pro*C/C++
Runtime Context Usage Models
Multiple Threads Sharing a Single Runtime Context
Multiple Threads Sharing Multiple Runtime Contexts
User Interface Features for Multithreaded Applications
THREADS Option
Embedded SQL Statements and Directives
Examples
Programming Considerations
Multithreaded Example

12 C++ Applications

Understanding C++ Support
No Special Macro Processing
Precompiling for C++
Code Generation
Parsing Code
Output Filename Extension
System Header Files
Sample Programs
cppdemo1.pc
cppdemo2.pc
cppdemo3.pc

13 Oracle Dynamic SQL

What Is Dynamic SQL?
Advantages and Disadvantages of Dynamic SQL
When to Use Dynamic SQL
Requirements for Dynamic SQL Statements
How Dynamic SQL Statements Are Processed
Methods for Using Dynamic SQL
Method 1
Method 2
Method 3
Method 4
Guidelines
Using Method 1
Sample Program: Dynamic SQL Method 1
Using Method 2
The USING Clause
Sample Program: Dynamic SQL Method 2
Using Method 3
PREPARE
DECLARE
OPEN
FETCH
CLOSE
Sample Program: Dynamic SQL Method 3
Using Method 4
Need for the SQLDA
The DESCRIBE Statement
What Is a SQLDA?
Implementing Oracle Method 4
Restriction
Using the DECLARE STATEMENT Statement
Using Host Arrays
Using PL/SQL
With Method 1
With Method 2
With Method 3
With Oracle Method 4
Caution

14 ANSI Dynamic SQL

Basics of ANSI Dynamic SQL
Precompiler Options
Overview of ANSI SQL Statements
Sample Code
Oracle Extensions
Reference Semantics
Using Arrays for Bulk Operations
Support for Arrays of Structs
Support for Object Types
ANSI Dynamic SQL Precompiler Options
Full Syntax of the Dynamic SQL Statements
ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR
GET DESCRIPTOR
SET DESCRIPTOR
Use of PREPARE
DESCRIBE INPUT
DESCRIBE OUTPUT
EXECUTE
Use of EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
Use of DYNAMIC DECLARE CURSOR
OPEN Cursor
FETCH
CLOSE a Dynamic Cursor
Differences From Oracle Dynamic Method 4
Restrictions
Sample Programs
ansidyn1.pc
ansidyn2.pc

15 Oracle Dynamic SQL: Method 4

Meeting the Special Requirements of Method 4
What Makes Method 4 Special?
What Information Does Oracle Need?
Where Is the Information Stored?
How is the SQLDA Referenced?
How is the Information Obtained?
Understanding the SQLDA
Purpose of the SQLDA
Multiple SQLDAs
Declaring a SQLDA
Allocating a SQLDA
Using the SQLDA Variables
The N Variable
The V Variable
The L Variable
The T Variable
The I Variable
The F Variable
The S Variable
The M Variable
The C Variable
The X Variable
The Y Variable
The Z Variable
Some Preliminaries
Converting Data
Coercing Datatypes
Handling NULL/Not NULL Datatypes
The Basic Steps
A Closer Look at Each Step
Declare a Host String
Declare the SQLDAs
Allocate Storage Space for the Descriptors
Set the Maximum Number to DESCRIBE
Put the Query Text in the Host String
PREPARE the Query from the Host String
DECLARE a Cursor
DESCRIBE the Bind Variables
Reset Number of Placeholders
Get Values and Allocate Storage for Bind Variables
OPEN the Cursor
DESCRIBE the Select List
Reset Number of Select-List Items
Reset Length/Datatype of Each Select-list Item
FETCH Rows from the Active Set
Get and Process Select-List Values
Deallocate Storage
CLOSE the Cursor
Using Host Arrays
sample12.pc
Sample Program: Dynamic SQL Method 4

16 Large Objects (LOBs)

What are LOBs?
Internal LOBs
External LOBs
Security for BFILEs
LOBs vs. LONG and LONG RAW
LOB Locators
Temporary LOBs
LOB Buffering Subsystem
How to Use LOBs in Your Program
Three Ways to Access LOBs
LOB Locators in Your Application
Initializing a LOB
Rules for LOB Statements
For All LOB Statements
For the LOB Buffering Subsystem
For Host Variables
LOB Statements
APPEND
ASSIGN
CLOSE
COPY
CREATE TEMPORARY
DISABLE BUFFERING
ENABLE BUFFERING
ERASE
FILE CLOSE ALL
FILE SET
FLUSH BUFFER
FREE TEMPORARY
LOAD FROM FILE
OPEN
READ
TRIM
WRITE
DESCRIBE
LOBs and the Navigational Interface
Transient Objects
Persistent Objects
Navigational Interface Example
LOB Program Examples
READ a BLOB, Write a File Example
Read a File, WRITE a BLOB Example
lobdemo1.pc

17 Objects

Introduction to Objects
Object Types
REFs
Using Object Types in Pro*C/C++
NULL Indicators
The Object Cache
Persistent Versus Transient Copies of Objects
Associative Interface
When to Use the Associative Interface
ALLOCATE
FREE
CACHE FREE ALL
Accessing Objects Using the Associative Interface
Navigational Interface
When to Use the Navigational Interface
Rules Used in the Navigational Statements
OBJECT CREATE
OBJECT DEREF
OBJECT RELEASE
OBJECT DELETE
OBJECT UPDATE
OBJECT FLUSH
Navigational Access to Objects
Converting Object Attributes and C Types
OBJECT SET
OBJECT GET
Object Options Set/Get
CONTEXT OBJECT OPTION SET
CONTEXT OBJECT OPTION GET
New Precompiler Options for Objects
VERSION
DURATION
OBJECTS
INTYPE
ERRTYPE
SQLCHECK Support for Objects
Type Checking at Runtime
An Object Example in Pro*C/C++
Associative Access
Navigational Access
Sample Code for Navigational Access
Using C Structures
Using REFs
Generating a C Structure for a REF
Declaring REFs
Using REFs in Embedded SQL
Using OCIDate, OCIString, OCINumber, and OCIRaw
Declaring OCIDate, OCIString, OCINumber, OCIRaw
Use of the OCI Types in Embedded SQL
Manipulating the OCI Types
Summarizing the New Database Types in Pro*C/C++
Restrictions on Using Oracle8i Datatypes in Dynamic SQL

18 Collections

Collections
Nested Tables
VARRAYs
C and Collections
Descriptors for Collections
Declarations for Host and Indicator Variables
Manipulating Collections
Rules for Access
Indicator Variables
OBJECT GET and SET
Collection Statements
COLLECTION GET
COLLECTION SET
COLLECTION RESET
COLLECTION APPEND
COLLECTION TRIM
COLLECTION DESCRIBE
Rules for the Use of Collections
Collection Sample Code
Type and Table Creation
GET and SET Example
DESCRIBE Example
RESET Example
Sample Program:coldemo1.pc

19 The Object Type Translator

OTT Overview
What Is the Object Type Translator
Creating Types in the Database
Invoking OTT
The OTT Command Line
The Intype File
OTT Datatype Mappings
NULL Indicator Structs
The Outtype File
Using OTT with OCI Applications
Accessing and Manipulating Objects with OCI
Calling the Initialization Function
Tasks of the Initialization Function
Using OTT with Pro*C/C++ Applications
OTT Reference
OTT Command Line Syntax
OTT Parameters
Where OTT Parameters Can Appear
Structure of the Intype File
Nested #include File Generation
SCHEMA_NAMES Usage
Default Name Mapping
Restriction

20 User Exits

What Is a User Exit?
Why Write a User Exit?
Developing a User Exit
Writing a User Exit
Requirements for Variables
The IAF GET Statement
The IAF PUT Statement
Calling a User Exit
Passing Parameters to a User Exit
Returning Values to a Form
The IAP Constants
Using the SQLIEM Function
Using WHENEVER
An Example
Precompiling and Compiling a User Exit
Sample Program: A User Exit
Using the GENXTB Utility
Linking a User Exit into SQL*Forms
Guidelines
Naming the Exit
Connecting to Oracle
Issuing I/O Calls
Using Host Variables
Updating Tables
Issuing Commands
EXEC TOOLS Statements
Writing a Toolset User Exit
EXEC TOOLS SET
EXEC TOOLS GET
EXEC TOOLS SET CONTEXT
EXEC TOOLS GET CONTEXT
EXEC TOOLS MESSAGE

A New Features

Array of Structs
Precompiled Header Files
CALL Statement
Changing Passwords at Runtime
Support for National Character Sets
CHAR_MAP Precompiler Option
New Names for SQLLIB Functions
New Actions in WHENEVER Statement
Object Type Support
Object Type Translator
LOB Support
ANSI Dynamic SQL
Collections
Miscellaneous Topics
Unicode Support
PREFETCH Option
External Procedures
Calling Java from PL/SQL
DML Returning Clause
Universal ROWID
SYSDBA/SYSOPER Privileges in CONNECT Statements
CLOSE_ON_COMMIT Precompiler Option
Migration From Earlier Releases
Character Strings
Error Message Codes

B Reserved Words, Keywords, and Namespaces

Reserved Words and Keywords
Oracle Reserved Namespaces

C Performance Tuning

What Causes Poor Performance?
How Can Performance Be Improved?
Using Host Arrays
Using Embedded PL/SQL
Optimizing SQL Statements
Optimizer Hints
Trace Facility
Using Indexes
Taking Advantage of Row-Level Locking
Eliminating Unnecessary Parsing
Handling Explicit Cursors
Using the Cursor Management Options

D Syntactic and Semantic Checking

What Is Syntactic and Semantic Checking?
Controlling the Type and Extent of Checking
Specifying SQLCHECK=SEMANTICS
Enabling a Semantic Check
Specifying SQLCHECK=SYNTAX
Entering the SQLCHECK Option

E System-Specific References

System-Specific Information
Location of Standard Header Files
Specifying Location of Included Files for the C Compiler
ANSI C Support
Struct Component Alignment
Size of an Integer and ROWID
Byte Ordering
Connecting to Oracle8i
Linking in an XA Library
Location of the Pro*C/C++ Executable
System Configuration File
INCLUDE Option Syntax
Compiling and Linking
User Exits

F Embedded SQL Statements and Directives

Summary of Precompiler Directives and Embedded SQL Statements
About The Statement Descriptions
How to Read Syntax Diagrams
Required Keywords and Parameters
Optional Keywords and Parameters
Syntax Loops
Multi-part Diagrams
Database Objects
Statement Terminator
ALLOCATE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
CACHE FREE ALL (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
CALL (Executable Embedded SQL)
CLOSE (Executable Embedded SQL)
COLLECTION APPEND (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
COLLECTION DESCRIBE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
COLLECTION GET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
COLLECTION RESET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
COLLECTION SET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
COLLECTION TRIM (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
COMMIT (Executable Embedded SQL)
CONNECT (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
CONTEXT ALLOCATE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
CONTEXT FREE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
CONTEXT OBJECT OPTION GET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
CONTEXT OBJECT OPTION SET (Executable Embedded SQL Ext)
CONTEXT USE (Oracle Embedded SQL Directive)
DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR (Embedded SQL Statement)
DECLARE CURSOR (Embedded SQL Directive)
DECLARE DATABASE (Oracle Embedded SQL Directive)
DECLARE STATEMENT (Embedded SQL Directive)
DECLARE TABLE (Oracle Embedded SQL Directive)
DECLARE TYPE (Oracle Embedded SQL Directive)
DELETE (Executable Embedded SQL)
DESCRIBE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
ENABLE THREADS (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
EXECUTE ... END-EXEC (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
EXECUTE (Executable Embedded SQL)
EXECUTE DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE (Executable Embedded SQL)
FETCH (Executable Embedded SQL)
FETCH DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
FREE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
GET DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
INSERT (Executable Embedded SQL)
LOB APPEND (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB ASSIGN (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB CLOSE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB COPY (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB CREATE TEMPORARY (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB DESCRIBE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB DISABLE BUFFERING (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB ENABLE BUFFERING (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB ERASE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB FILE CLOSE ALL (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB FILE SET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB FLUSH BUFFER (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB FREE TEMPORARY (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB LOAD (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB OPEN (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB READ (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB TRIM (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB WRITE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT CREATE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT DELETE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT DEREF (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT FLUSH (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT GET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT RELEASE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT SET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT UPDATE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OPEN (Executable Embedded SQL)
OPEN DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
PREPARE (Executable Embedded SQL)
REGISTER CONNECT (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
ROLLBACK (Executable Embedded SQL)
SAVEPOINT (Executable Embedded SQL)
SELECT (Executable Embedded SQL)
SET DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
TYPE (Oracle Embedded SQL Directive)
UPDATE (Executable Embedded SQL)
VAR (Oracle Embedded SQL Directive)
WHENEVER (Embedded SQL Directive)


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