UMBC CMSC202, Computer Science II, Spring 1998, Sections 0101, 0102, 0103, 0104 and Honors

Thursday April 23, 1998

Assigned Reading:

• A Book on C:
• Programming Abstractions in C:

Handouts (available on-line): Project 5

Topics Covered:

• A long discussion on Project 5.

• Next we discussed some common pitfalls when we work with classes that include destructors. In the first sequence of programs, we work with a simple Record class. (See header file and implementation.) Besides, the destructor and the constructors, the Record class only has a member function that dumps out the contents of the object. The main feature of the implementation is that the constructors and destructors print out debugging messages.

  • In the first program, the main function calls a function foo() which has a local variable R of type Record. The sample run shows that when the function foo() terminates, the destructor is called to destroy the local variable R.

  • The second program is more curious. Both the main program and foo() have local variables of type Record. This time the local variables are initialized using the alternate constructor. Surprisingly, the sample run shows that the destructor is called before the first printf() statement of the main program is executed. Apparently, when the alternate constructor is called, it creates a temporary object at address ffffffadc0. The values of this temporary object are copied to the Record S, then the temporary object is destroyed using the destructor. (Creating the Record R in foo() has a similar effect.) Thus, having a destructor in a class means that you have to contend with the destructor being called perhaps in situations that are not expected. Curiously, compiling and running the same program using the GNU C++ compiler, g++, does not result in the extra calls to the destructor.

  • The third program shows a different way to invoke the alternate constructor for Record. Using this particular syntax, the CC compiler does not produce the extra calls to the destructor. See sample run.

  • However, the situation is not solved completely. In the fourth program, the function foo() returns a Record value. In this case, the g++ compiler produces an extra call to the destructor. Apparently, the return value from the function is stored in a temporary object. Once the return value is assigned to the Record P, the temporary object is destroyed. See sample run.

• So, why are we so paranoid about these calls to the destructor? Well, suppose that the Record class is slightly more complicated and includes members with dynamically allocated memory, say a string. When a Record object is destroyed, we should naturally free the space used by the string. However, if the destructor is called unexpectedly, we may end up freeing a string that we still want to use. See the new header file and implementation of the Record class.

  • In our fifth program (first using the new Record class), we see the problems with the CC compiler and the definition: Record S = Record("S") ; First, a temporary object is created with data string "S". The fields of the object are copied to the Record S. Then, the temporary object is destroyed, freeing the memory used by "S". However, as the sample run shows, the Record S is still using that memory location. The output from the constructor, the destructor and the id() function was: Alternate Constructor: this=ffffffadc0, s=(100121fa,"S"),str=(10013010,"S") Destructor: this=ffffffadc0, str=(10013010,"S") Identify S: id: this=ffffffadd0, str=(10013010,"S") Notice that the temporary object and the Record S both use memory location 10013010 to store the string "S" and that the destructor has already freed this space. Thus, at line 1 of the main program, we are already in trouble.

  • Using the GNU g++ compiler avoided this particular problem, but using the g++ compiler does not solve all of our problems. In the fifth program, we pass the Record S by value to the function foo(). This value is copied to the parameter T. When the function foo() terminates, T is destroyed. Again, the space used by the string in S is inadvertently freed. Even the code generated by the g++ compiler has this problem.

  • Our sixth program shows that using the new syntax for invoking the alternate constructor solves the first problem in the fifth program. However, the sample run shows that we still have the problem with the Record T being freed.

  • Our seventh program demonstrates real difficulties when the function foo() also returns the value of the Record R. Now, not only is the space used by S freed, the Record P is also pointing to freed space. Subsequent calls to the strdup() function reuses this freed space. In the sample run using the CC compiler, the record S holds the string "Hello" instead of "S" and P holds "World" instead of "R". The sample run for the g++ case is even stranger. Since the g++ compiler generates code that uses a temporary object to hold the return value from foo(), the space used by R is freed twice --- once when R is destroyed and another time when the temporary object is destroyed. Thus, subsequent calls to strdup() created a strange situation where memory location 10000360 is reused without being freed: str1=(10000360,"Hello") str2=(10000360,"World") Very strange!

  • So, what is the solution? The point is that when we have a class that uses dynamically allocated memory, we should work with pointers to those objects rather than the objects themselves. That way the objects are not destroyed automatically. Our eighth program shows one such solution. Note that we only use the alternate constructor together with the new operator. So, no temporary objects are created, even with the CC compiler. The sample run shows that the destructor is only called when we explicitly use the delete operator.