Oracle8 Parallel Server Concepts & Administration
Release 8.0

A54639_01

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A

absolute file number, 6-3
acquiring rollback segments, 14-6
initialization parameters, 6-9
acquisition AST, 8-3, 8-5
ADD LOGFILE clause
THREAD clause, 6-3
thread required, 14-10
ADDED_EXTENTS, A-6
adding a file, 14-10, 15-9, A-15
affinity
disk, 4-9, 18-21
parallel processor, A-11
ALERT file, 6-2, 22-13
ALL option, 21-5
ALL_TABLES table, 16-8
ALLOCATE EXTENT option
DATAFILE option, 11-11, 17-11
in exclusive mode, 17-10
instance number, 11-15, 17-12
INSTANCE option, 11-11, 17-11
not available, A-17
pre-allocating extents, 17-12
SIZE option, 11-11, 17-10
allocation
automatic, 11-17, 17-12-17-13
extents, 17-12-17-13, 18-14
free space, 11-6, 11-11
PCM locks, 9-6, 9-23-9-24, 11-15, 17-10
rollback segments, 14-6
sequence numbers, 6-7
ALLOW_PARTIAL_SN_RESULTS parameter, 20-3
ALTER CLUSTER statement, A-17
ALLOCATE EXTENT option, 17-10
allocating extents, 17-12
ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS
statement, 22-23
ALTER DATABASE statement
ADD LOGFILE, 6-3
adding or dropping log file, A-15
CLOSE option, 18-16
DATAFILE OFFLINE and ONLINE, A-15
DATFILE RESIZE, 15-9
DISABLE, 14-10
ENABLE THREAD, 14-9
MOUNT option, 18-11
OPEN option, 18-11
RECOVER option, 22-17
renaming a file, A-15
setting the log mode, 14-2, 14-10, B-3
thread of redo, 14-10
ALTER INDEX statement
DEALLOCATE UNUSED option, 17-15
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT command, 6-10
ALTER SESSION statement
SET INSTANCE option, 11-11, 17-9
ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG statement,
CURRENT option, 21-10, 21-12, A-16
global log switch, 21-10, 21-12, 21-16
THREAD option, 18-16, 21-4
ALTER SYSTEM CHECK DATAFILES
statement, 6-3
, 22-13
ALTER SYSTEM CHECKPOINT statement, 21-10-21-11
global versus local, 18-16
specifying an instance, 18-16
ALTER SYSTEM command, 18-26
ALTER SYSTEM DISCONNECT SESSION, 22-7
ALTER SYSTEM privilege, 21-11-21-12
ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE
statement, 18-16
, 21-11, A-16
checkpoint, 21-10
DBA privilege, 21-11, A-16
ALTER TABLE statement
ALLOCATE EXTENT option, 17-10
allocating extents, 17-12-17-13
DISABLE/ENABLE TABLE LOCK
options, 7-6
, 10-3, 16-8
MAXEXTENTS option, 17-13
ALTER TABLESPACE statement
ADD DATAFILE, 15-9
ADD DATAFILE option, A-15
BACKUP option, 21-15
OFFLINE and ONLINE options, A-15
READ ONLY option, 12-3
renaming a data file, A-15
application
analysis, 12-2
availability, 22-11
business functions, 12-3
compute-intensive, 1-21
converting to multi-instance, 23-4
departmentalized, 2-8
designing, 13-2
disjoint data, 1-17, 2-7
DSS, 1-6, 1-13, 1-21, 2-7
failover, 4-10, 22-2
insert-intensive, 11-12
node, 5-4
OLTP, 1-6, 1-13, 2-8
performance, 11-12
portability, 1-5
profiles, 3-3, 12-2
query-intensive, 1-17, 2-7
random access, 2-8
redesigning for parallel processing, 1-16
scalability, 2-2, 2-6
tuning performance, 1-15, 11-12, 12-2
ARCH process, 5-6, 21-4
architecture
hardware, 3-1
multi-instance, 5-4
Oracle database, 6-1
Oracle instance, 5-2
archive log backup, 21-8
ARCHIVE LOG clause
CURRENT option, 21-10, 21-12, 21-16, A-16
global log switch, 21-12, 21-16
manual archiving, 21-4
specifying an instance, 18-19
THREAD option, 21-5
ARCHIVE LOG command, 21-3
ARCHIVELOG mode, 14-10
automatic archiving, 4-7, 21-3
changing mode, 14-2, 14-10, B-3
creating a database, 14-2
online and offline backups, 4-7, 21-3
archiving redo log files, 21-1
automatic versus manual, 21-3
conversion to multi-instance, 23-4
creating a database, 14-2
forcing a log switch, 21-11
history, 21-7
identified in control file, 6-5
log sequence number, 21-6
online archiving, 4-7, 21-3
AST, 8-3
asymmetrical multiprocessing, 2-5
asynchronous trap, 8-3-8-5
authentication, password file, 18-24
AUTOEXTEND, 15-9
automatic archiving, 21-3
automatic recovery, 21-7
availability, 12-2
and interconnect, 3-3
benefit of parallel database, 1-14
data files, 6-3, 22-13
multiple databases, 1-19
phases of recovery, 22-14
recovery time, 21-9
shared disk systems, 3-7
single-node failure, 2-12, 22-10

B

background process, 5-6
ARCH, 21-4
DBWR, 21-9
holding instance lock, 7-5, 7-7
instance, 5-4
LCKn, 5-6
LGWR, 21-7
optional, 5-6
parallel cache management, 4-11, 5-6
SMON, 18-25, 22-11
backup, 21-1
archive log, 21-8
checkpoint, 21-10
conversion to multi-instance, 23-4
export, B-2
files used in recovery, 22-16
offline, 4-7, 21-13
online, 4-7, 21-10, 21-13, 21-16
parallel, 21-13
bandwidth, 1-12, 2-3, 2-12, 3-3-3-7
batch applications, 1-13-1-14
BEGIN BACKUP option, 21-15
block
allocating dynamically, 17-14
associated with instance, 11-11, 22-11
cleanout, A-10
contention, 6-9, 11-15, 15-6, 17-10-17-11
deferred rollback, 6-9, A-15
distributed lock, 5-5
free space, 11-2
instance lock, 4-11
multiple copies, 4-6, 4-11, 5-5
redo log, 21-10
segment header, 6-9, 11-14
when written to disk, 4-6, 9-8, 21-9
blocking AST, 8-4
buffer cache, 5-5
checkpoint, 21-9
coherency, 4-11
distributed locks, 2-7
instance recovery, 22-11
minimizing I/O, 4-6, 4-11
written to disk, 4-6
buffer state, 9-9-9-10
buffer, redo log, 5-5

C

cache
buffer cache, 4-6, 5-5
coherency, 4-11, 9-3
consistency, on MPPs, 3-9
dictionary cache, 4-11, 5-5, 6-6
flushing dictionary, 4-15
management issues, non-PCM, 4-15
parallel cache management, 4-11
recovery, 22-15
row cache, 6-6
sequence cache, 4-7, 6-7
CACHE option, 6-6-6-7, 18-26
CACHE_SIZE_THRESHOLD parameter,
18-9
, A-13
callback,failover, 22-8
capacity planning, 19-3
CATPARR.SQL script, 15-13, 20-2, 20-5
CHECK DATAFILES clause, 6-3, 22-13
checkpoint
datafile, 21-9
DBWR process, 21-9
definition, 21-9
forcing, 21-10-21-11
global, 21-9
incremental, 22-12
instance, 21-9
log switch, 21-12
CHECKPOINT_PROCESS parameter, 18-8
CKPT process, 5-6
CLEANUP_ROLLBACK_ENTRIES
parameter, A-5
, A-9
client-server configuration, 5-4
description, 1-20
Net8, 1-20
closed thread, 21-4, 21-16
cluster
allocating extents, 17-12
free list groups, 17-10
free lists, 11-12, 17-7
hash cluster, 11-12, 17-7, A-17
implementations, 2-3
performance, 3-3
committed data
checkpoint, 21-11
instance failure, 22-11
sequence numbers, 6-7
compatibility
shared and exclusive modes, 6-2, 17-10
concurrency
inserts and updates, 11-14, 17-6
maximum number of instances, 11-15, 14-4
SEQUENCE_CACHE_ENTRIES, 6-7
sequences, 6-7
shared mode, 4-2
transactions, 5-4, 11-2
configurations
change in redo log, 14-10
client-server, 1-20
guidelines for parallel server, 5-7
multi-instance database system, 1-17
overview of Oracle, 1-15
single instance database system, 1-16
CONNECT command, 14-8, 18-17, 18-19
forcing a checkpoint, 21-11
INTERNAL option, 18-11, 18-25
Net8, 18-15
Connect Load Balancing (CLB), 22-5
connect string, 18-15, 18-18-18-19, 22-5
consistency
multiversion read, 4-7
rollback information, 6-8
contention
block, 6-9, 11-15, 15-6, 17-10-17-11
disk, 6-2, 6-10
distributed lock, 15-6
for rollback segments, 20-12
free space, 4-8, 11-2, 11-14, 19-6
index, 19-6
monitoring, 20-11
on single block or row, 2-9
rollback segment, 6-8-6-10
segment header, 11-14, 19-6
sequence number, 4-7, 6-6
SYSTEM tablespace, 14-6
table data, 6-2, 6-8, 17-11
control file, 6-2
accessibility, 5-7
backing up, 21-1
conversion to multi-instance, 23-7
creating, 14-12
data files, 17-11
log history, 14-4, 21-7
MAXLOGHISTORY, 6-5
parameter values, 18-7
shared, 5-4, 18-5
CONTROL_FILES parameter, 18-9, 22-21
same for all instances, 18-5, 18-9
conversion
application, 23-4
database, 23-5
database, to multi-instance, 23-1
ramifications, 23-4
convert queue, 8-3
COUNTER column, 20-4
CPU usage, 19-3
CPU_COUNT parameter, 18-9
CREATE CLUSTER statement, 17-7, A-17
FREELIST GROUPS option, 17-6
FREELISTS option, 17-6
CREATE CONTROLFILE statement
changing database options, 14-12
conversion to multi-instance, 23-7
exclusive mode, B-3
MAXLOGHISTORY, 21-7
CREATE DATABASE statement, 14-3
exclusive mode, B-3
MAXINSTANCES, 11-15, 14-4
MAXLOGFILES, 14-4
MAXLOGHISTORY, 6-5, 14-4, 21-7
MAXLOGMEMBERS, 14-4
options, 14-4
setting the log mode, 14-2, 14-10
thread number 1, 14-9
CREATE INDEX statement
FREELISTS option, 17-7
CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT statement, 14-6-14-7, 20-12
CREATE SEQUENCE statement
CACHE option, 6-7
CYCLE option, 6-6
description, 6-6
NOORDER option, 6-7
ORDER option, 6-6-6-7
CREATE TABLE statement
clustered tables, 17-7
examples, 17-12-17-13
FREELIST GROUPS option, 11-11
FREELISTS option, 11-11, 17-6
initial storage, 17-11, 17-13
CREATE TABLESPACE statement, A-15
creating a rollback segment, 14-6-14-7
creating a tablespace, A-15
cross-instance CR read, 20-15
current instance, 18-19
checkpoint, 21-11
log switch, 21-11
specifying, 18-15
CURRENT option, 21-5
checkpoints, 21-10, 21-12
forcing a global log switch, 21-10, 21-12
global log switch, 21-16
new in Oracle7, A-16
CYCLE option, 6-6

D

data block, 5-5
data dependent routing, 12-7, 19-6
data dictionary, 5-5
objects, 6-6
querying views, 20-2
row cache, 6-6
sequence cache, 6-7
views, 14-7
data warehousing, 2-7
database
archiving mode, 14-2, 14-10
backup, 4-7, 21-1
closing, 18-25
conversion to multi-instance, 23-1, 23-5
creation, 14-3
designing, 1-15, 13-2
dismounting, 18-25
export and import, B-2
migrating to multi-instance, 23-4
mounted but not open, 14-10
number of archived log files, 6-5, 21-7
number of instances, 11-15, 14-4
rollback segments, 14-6
scalability, 2-5
starting NOMOUNT, 22-21
database administrator (DBA)
distributed database, 1-19
data-dependent routing, 3-10
datafile
accessiblity, 5-7
adding, 15-6, 15-9, 15-13, A-15
allocating extents, 17-11
backing up, 21-1, 21-10
checkpoint, 21-9-21-10
disk contention, 6-2
dropping, A-15
file ID, 15-3
instance recovery, 6-3, 22-13
mapping locks to blocks, 9-6
maximum number, B-3
multiple files per table, 11-15, 17-10-
17-11
number of blocks, 15-3
parallel recovery, 22-16
recovery, 22-17, A-19
renaming, A-15
shared, 5-4, 6-2
tablespace, A-15
tablespace name, 15-3
taking offline or online, A-15
unspecified for PCM locks, 9-6
validity, 15-13
DATAFILE option
table, 17-12
tablespace, A-15
DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS parameter, 9-15
ensuring LM lock capacity, 16-7
GC_RELEASABLE_LOCKS, 15-14
DB_BLOCK_MAX_DIRTY_TARGET
parameter, 22-12
DB_BLOCK_SIZE parameter
same for all instances, 18-9
DB_FILES parameter
calculating non-PCM locks, 16-5
calculating non-PCM resources, 16-4
ensuring LM lock capacity, 16-7
same for all instances, 18-9
DB_NAME parameter
conversion to multi-instance, 23-8
same for all instances, 18-9
DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS view, 6-9, 14-8
public rollback segments, 14-7
DBA_SEGMENTS view, 14-8
DBA_TABLES table, 16-8
DBMS_SPACE package, 17-15
DBMSUTIL.SQL script, 17-15
DBWR process, 5-6, 7-7
checkpoint, 21-9
cross-instance writes, 20-14
in parallel server, 5-2
DDL commands, 16-7
DDL lock, 7-6
deadlock detection, 8-9
deallocating unused space, 17-15
dedicated server, 22-6
default instance, 18-15, 18-18
deferred rollback segment, A-15
DELAYED_LOGGING_BLOCK_CLEAN-OUTS parameter, 18-8, A-5, A-10
departmentalized applications, 2-8
DESCRIPTION_LIST feature, A-9
dictionary cache, 4-11, 4-15, 5-5, 6-6
dictionary cache lock, 10-5
DISABLE TABLE LOCK option, 16-8
DISABLE THREAD clause, 14-10
disabling the archive history, 14-4
disaster recovery, 22-20, 22-23
DISCONNECT command, 18-19
disconnecting from an instance, 18-18-18-19
multiple sessions, 18-25
user process, 18-25
disjoint data
applications with, 1-17, 2-7
data files, 6-2
disk
access, 3-2-3-3
affinity, 4-9, 18-21
contention, 6-2, 6-10
I/O statistics, 19-3, 19-6
media failure, 22-2
reading blocks, 4-6
rollback segments, 6-10
striping, 20-13
writing blocks, 4-6, 9-8, 21-9
distributed lock
memory area, 5-5
rollback segment, 6-9
row cache, 6-6
sequence, 6-6
total number, 6-6
Distributed Lock Manager, A-3
DM, Database Mount, 10-5
DML lock, 7-3, 7-6
DML_LOCKS parameter, 7-6, 10-3, 18-8-
18-9
and performance, 16-8
calculating non-PCM locks, 16-5
calculating non-PCM resources, 16-4
ensuring IDLM lock capacity, 16-7
DROP TABLE command, 4-15
DROP TABLESPACE statement, A-15
dropping a database object
tablespace, 15-6, A-15
dropping a redo log file, A-15
log switch, 21-12
manual archiving, 14-10
restrictions, 14-10
DSS applications, 1-6, 1-13-1-14, 1-21, 2-7,
3-3
dual ported controllers, 2-3
dynamic load balancing, 22-7
dynamic performance view
creating, 20-2
granting PUBLIC access, 20-4
list of, 20-4
null values, 20-5
querying, 20-6
XNC column, 20-5
dynamically allocating blocks, 11-17

E

ENABLE TABLE LOCK option, 16-8
END BACKUP option, 21-15
enqueue, 7-3
global, 7-4
in V$LOCK, 7-9
local, 7-4
OPS context, 7-6
enqueue locks
calculating non-PCM locks, 16-5
calculating non-PCM resources, 16-4
ENQUEUE_DEBUG_MULTI_INSTANCE parameter (Oracle Version 6), A-18
ENQUEUE_RESOURCES parameter
calculating non-PCM locks, 16-5
calculating non-PCM resources, 16-4
error message
parameter values, 18-14
rollback segment, 14-6
storage options, 17-6
exclusive mode, 4-2, 8-7, 18-10
compatibility, B-2
database access, 1-16, 4-2
free lists, 17-6, 17-10, B-2
instance recovery, 21-9
MAXLOGHISTORY, 21-7
media recovery, 14-4
required for file operations, A-14, B-3
specifying instance number, 17-12
specifying thread number, 18-12
startup, 17-12, 18-10
switching archive log mode, 14-10
taking tablespace offline, A-15
EXCLUSIVE option, 18-11
exclusive PCM lock, 4-14
Export utility
and free lists, 11-13, A-17, B-4
backing up data, B-2
compatibility, B-2
EXT_TO_OBJ table, 15-13, 20-2
extent
allocating PCM locks, 11-15, 17-10
allocating to instance, 17-9, 17-12, 18-14
definition, 11-3
initial allocation, 17-11
not allocated to instance, 11-6, 11-17,
17-11
rollback segment, 6-8, 14-8
size, 6-8, 14-8, 17-10
specifying a file, 17-11

F

failover, 4-10, 16-3, 22-2, A-7
BASIC, 22-4
callback, 22-8
listeners, 22-4
METHOD, 22-4
multi-threaded server, 22-4
PRECONNECT, 22-4
TYPE, 22-4
FAILOVER_MODE, 22-6
failure
access to files, 22-13
ALERT file, 6-2
instance, 21-9
instance recovery, 22-13
media, 22-2, 22-16, A-19
MPP node, 3-9
node, 1-19, 21-9, 22-11
false pings, 9-15, 15-16
fault tolerance, 8-8
file
adding, A-15
ALERT, 6-2, 22-13
allocating extents, 17-11
archiving redo log, 4-7, 21-3-21-4, 21-6
common parameter file, 18-5
control file, 6-2, 6-5, 21-7
datafile, 6-2
dropping, 14-10, 21-12, A-15
exported, B-2
maximum number, B-3
multiplexed, 21-7
number, 6-3
parameter, 18-2, 18-5-18-6
PFILE, 18-5, 18-7
redo log, 4-7, 6-3, 21-3, 21-6-21-7, A-15
renaming, 14-10, 21-12, A-15
restricted operations, 21-12, A-14
size, 9-6, 21-10
used in recovery, 22-16
FILE_LOCK view, 9-19, 15-11, 20-2, A-5
FILE_PING view, 20-2
fine grain lock, 2-8, 9-4, 9-6, 9-14-9-18, A-5
creation, 9-3
DBA lock, 9-14
group factor, 15-9
introduction, 7-6
one lock element to one block, 9-14
specifying, 15-9
fixed hashed PCM lock, 9-4
fixed mode, lock element, 9-17
flexibility of parallel database, 1-15
foreground process
instance shutdown, 18-25
format, lock name, 7-9
free list
and Export utility, 11-13, B-4
assigned to instance, 11-13
cluster, 17-7, A-17
concurrent inserts, 4-8, 11-14
contention, 19-6
definition, 11-5
extent, 11-12
hash cluster, 17-7
in exclusive mode, 17-6, 17-10, B-2
index, 17-7
list groups, 11-12
number of lists, 17-6
partitioning, 11-13
partitioning data, 11-12, 18-14
PCM locks, 11-15, 17-10
transaction, 11-5
unused space, 17-15
free list group
assigned to instance, 11-13-11-14
assigning to session, 17-9
definition, 11-6
enhanced for release 7.3, A-5
high performance feature, 4-9
setting !blocks, 15-8
used & unused space, 17-15
FREE_LIST_INST parameter
(Oracle Version 6), A-17
-A-18
FREE_LIST_PROC parameter
(Oracle Version 6), A-17
-A-18
FREED_EXTENTS, A-6
FREELIST GROUPS storage option, 17-6,
17-12, 18-12, 20-8
clustered tables, A-17
instance number, 11-15
FREELISTS parameter, 11-5
FREELISTS storage option, 17-6, 20-11
clustered tables, A-17
indexes, 17-7
maximum value, 17-6
FREEZE_DB_FOR_FAST_INSTANCE_
RECOVERY parameter, 22-13
, A-2

G

GC_DB_LOCKS parameter, A-2
adjusting after file operations, A-15
number of distributed locks, 14-11
room for growth, 15-11
GC_FILES_TO_LOCKS parameter, 9-3-9-4, 9-6, 9-12, 9-22, 15-19, 15-22, 18-9
adding datafiles, 15-13
adjusting after file operations, 15-6, A-15
associating PCM locks with extents,
11-15
, 17-10
default bucket, 15-7
evaluating, 20-15
fine grain examples, 15-9
guidelines, 15-9
hashed examples, 15-8
index data, 15-5
number of blocks per lock, 9-6
reducing false pings, 15-17
room for growth, 15-11
setting, 15-6
syntax, 15-7
GC_FREELIST_GROUPS parameter, A-2,
A-5
GC_LCK_PROCS parameter, 9-12
ensuring LM lock capacity, 16-7
same for all instances, 18-9
GC_RELEASABLE_LOCKS parameter, 9-12, 15-19, 15-22, A-5
default, 15-14
GC_ROLLBACK_LOCKS parameter, 6-9,
9-12, 15-19, 15-22, 18-9
setting, 15-14
GC_ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS parameter,
6-9
, 6-11, A-2
GC_SAVE_ROLLBACK_LOCKS parameter, 6-9, A-2, A-15
GC_SEGMENTS parameter, A-2
GC_SORT_LOCKS parameter, A-18
GC_TABLESPACES parameter, A-2
global checkpoint, 21-9
global constant parameter, 18-9
and non-PCM locks, 4-10
control file, 6-2
description, 9-12
list of, 18-7
rollback segments, 6-9
same for all instances, 18-8-18-9
global dynamic performance view, 18-22-
18-23
, 20-3, A-3
GLOBAL hint, 20-3
global lock converts, 20-14
GLOBAL option
forcing a checkpoint, 18-16, 21-11
verifying access to files, 6-3
granted queue, 8-3, 8-5
group
free list, 11-12
MAXLOGFILES, 14-4
redo log files, 6-4, 14-4, 14-10
unique numbers, 6-5
V$LOGFILE, 6-5
Group Membership Services (GMS), 18-11-18-12, 18-20, A-4
GROUP option, 21-5
group-based locking, 8-10-8-11
GV$ view, 18-23, 20-3, A-3
GV$BH view, 19-5, 20-4
GV$CACHE view, 19-5, 20-2, 20-4
GV$CLASS_PING view, 20-2, 20-4
GV$FALSE_PING view, 20-4
GV$FILE_PING view, 20-2, 20-4
GV$LOCK_ELEMENT view, 20-4
GV$PARAMETER view, 18-23
GV$PING view, 19-5, 20-2, 20-4

H

handle, user, 22-8
hardware
architecture, 3-1
requirements, 3-3
scalability, 2-3
hash cluster, 17-7
free lists, 11-12, A-17
hash latch wait gets, 20-15
hashed PCM lock, 9-4, 9-14, 9-18-9-19
creation, 9-4
introduction, 7-6
releasable, 9-4, 15-7, 15-9
specifying, 15-8
header
rollback segment, 6-9, 14-8
segment, 11-14, 14-8
high speed interconnect, 12-2
high water mark, 11-17
definition, 11-4, 11-18
moving, 11-18-11-19
high-speed bus, 3-6-3-7
history, archive, 21-7, 22-18
horizontal partitioning, 2-11
HOST command, 18-17
host, IDLM, 9-8

I

I/O
and scalability, 2-3
disk contention, 4-6
interrupts, 2-5
minimizing, 1-17, 4-6, 4-11, 15-6
identifier, lock, 7-9
IDLM, 8-1
IDLM parameters, 18-10
IFILE parameter, 18-4
multiple files, 18-6
overriding values, 18-6
specifying identical parameters, 18-5
Import utility
compatibility, B-2
free lists, A-17
restoring data, B-2
incremental checkpoint, 22-12
incremental growth, 17-12
index
contention, 19-6
creating, 17-7
data partitioning, 11-12, 15-5
FREELISTS option, 17-7
PCM locks, 15-5
INITIAL storage parameter
minimum value, 17-11
rollback segments, 6-8
initialization parameter
archiving, 21-3
CACHE_SIZE_THRESHOLD, 18-9
control of blocks, 9-11
control of PCM locks, 9-11
displaying values, 18-14, 18-19
duplicate values, 18-6
global constant, 6-2, 18-7
guidelines, 5-7
identical for all instances, 18-9
Integrated DLM, 18-10
MAX_DEFAULT_PROPAGATION_
DELAY, 18-9
obsolete, A-18
PARALLEL_DEFAULT_MAX_
INSTANCES, 18-9
PARALLEL_DEFAULT_MAXSCANS, 18-9
planning IDLM capacity, 16-3, 16-7
using default value, 18-6
inserts
concurrent, 4-8, 11-14, 17-6
free lists, 11-14, 18-14, B-2
free space unavailable, 17-10
performance, 11-12
instance
adding instances, 14-4, 17-12, 23-3
associated with data block, 11-11
associated with data file, 17-11
associated with extent, 17-9
background processes, 4-11, 5-4, 5-6
changing current, 18-19
changing default, 18-18
checkpoint, 21-9
current, 18-18-18-19, 21-11
failure, 21-9, 22-11
free list, 11-14, 17-10
instance number, 11-15, 17-12
maximum number, 6-8, 11-15, 14-4
number, 17-9
ownership of PCM locks, 9-6
parallel server characteristics, 5-2
recovery, 14-4, 18-25, 21-9, 22-11
remote, 18-5, 18-7, 18-18
rollback segment required, 6-8
startup order, 18-14
thread number, 6-3, 14-9, 18-12
instance group, 22-5
connection load balancing, 22-5
GV$ view queries, 20-3
specifying, 18-21
instance lock, 7-2
acquired by background process, 7-7
acquired by foreground process, 7-7
definition, 7-2, 7-5
types, 7-5
INSTANCE option
allocating, 17-12
SET INSTANCE command, 17-9, 18-15
SHOW INSTANCE command, 18-18
instance recovery
abnormal shutdown, 18-25
access to files, 6-3, 22-13
global checkpoint, 21-11
multiple failures, 22-11
recovery time, 21-9
rollback segments, 6-8
starting another instance, 14-4
instance registration, A-6
INSTANCE_GROUPS parameter, 18-21
INSTANCE_ID column, 20-3
INSTANCE_NUMBER parameter, 17-9
and SQL options, 11-11
assigning free lists to instances, 11-13
conversion to multi-instance, 23-8
exclusive mode, 18-12
exclusive or shared mode, 18-14
individual parameter files, 18-4
setting, 17-12
unique values for instances, 18-8, 18-14
unspecified, 18-14
INSTANCES keyword, 18-26
INSTANCES parameter (Oracle Version 6), A-18
Integrated Distributed Lock Manager
capacity for locks and resources, 16-2
configuring, 16-3
definition, 1-11, 8-2
distributed architecture, 8-8
failover requirements, 16-3
fault tolerant, 8-8
features, 8-8
group-based locking, 8-11
handling lock requests, 8-3
instance architecture, 5-2
internalized, A-3
LCKn process, 9-8
lock mastering, 8-9
minimizing use, 1-17, 4-11
non-PCM lock capacity, 7-6
queues, 8-2
recovery phases, 22-14
resource sharing, 9-8
Integrated DLM, 8-1
integrated operations, 1-6
interconnect, 3-3
and scalability, 2-3
high-speed, 1-10
INTERNAL option
instance shutdown, 18-25
inter-node communication, 1-10
iostat UNIX utility, 20-13

K

kcmgss reads scn without going to LM, 20-15
kcmgss waited for batching, 20-15

L

Lamport SCN generation, 4-8
LANGUAGE parameter (Oracle Version 6), A-18
latch, 7-3, 10-5
latency, 1-12, 1-14, 2-3, 2-12, 3-3
LCKn process, 5-6, 9-5
definition, 7-7
description, 5-6
on multi-instance database, 1-17
role in recovery, 22-15
LGWR process, 5-6, 7-7
log history, 21-7
log switch, 21-10
library cache lock, 10-4
links, 5-7
LISTENER.ORA file, 22-6
LM_LOCKS parameter, 15-19, 16-2, 16-6,
18-9
-18-10, A-2
LM_PROCS parameter, 18-9-18-10, A-2
LM_RESS parameter, 15-22, 16-2, 16-4, 18-9-18-10, A-2
LMDn process, 5-6, A-3
definition, 7-7
LMON process, 5-6, A-3
definition, 7-7
load balancing, 12-5, 22-5, A-9
dynamic, 22-7
local I/O, 2-3
local instance
node, 18-18
local lock, 7-3
LOCAL option
forcing a checkpoint, 18-16, 21-11
verifying access to files, 6-3
LOCAL_LISTENERS parameter, 22-6
lock
boundary, 11-18
conversion, 8-5
cost of, 7-8
dictionary cache, 10-5
DML, 7-3, 10-3
enqueue, 7-3
fine grain, 7-6
global, 18-7
group-based, 8-10-8-11
hashed, 7-6
identifier, 7-9
implementations, PCM, 7-6
instance, 7-2, 7-5
latch, 7-3
LCKn process, 5-6
library cache, 10-4
local, 7-3
mastering, 8-9, 19-8
mode compatibility, 9-11
mode, and buffer state, 9-9
mount lock, 7-3, 10-5
name format, 7-9
non-PCM, 7-4, 7-6
OPS exclusive mode, 7-3
OPS shared mode, 7-2
overview of locking mechanisms, 7-2
ownership by IDLM, 8-11
PCM lock, 9-3, 11-15, 17-10
process-owned, 8-11
request, handling by IDLM, 8-3
rollback segment, 6-9
row, 4-14, 10-3
row cache, 6-6
system change number, 10-4
table, 7-3, 7-6, 10-3
transaction, 4-11, 7-2, 10-3
types of, 7-3
lock activity, 20-5, 20-7
lock contention, 19-3, 19-5
lock conversion, 20-4
detecting, 19-3
excessive rate, 19-7
lock element
correspondence to locks, 9-13
creation, 9-17
free, 9-17
LRU list, 9-17
mode, 9-17
name, 9-14
non-fixed mode, 9-17
number, 9-21
valid bit, 9-17
lock process, 5-6
lock value block, 10-4
log file
accessibility, 5-7
redo log file, 21-1
log history, 14-4, 21-7, 22-18
log sequence number, 21-6-21-7
log switch, 6-5
adding or dropping files, 14-10
checkpoint, 21-10
closed thread, 21-12
forced, 21-12
forcing, 21-10-21-12, 21-16, A-16
global, 21-16
log history, 21-7
LOG_ALLOCATION parameter
(Oracle Version 6), A-16
, A-18
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST parameter, 22-18-22-19
LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT parameter, 18-8, 21-6, 22-19
LOG_ARCHIVE_START parameter
automatic archiving, 18-6, 21-3
creating a database, 14-2
LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL
parameter, 21-10
inactive instance, 21-11
LOG_CHECKPOINT_TIMEOUT
parameter, 21-10
inactive instance, 21-11
LOG_DEBUG_MULTI_INSTANCE
parameter (Oracle Version 6), A-18
LOG_FILES parameter, 18-9
logical database, 1-19
loosely coupled system
cache consistency, 3-9
characteristics, 3-6
disk access, 3-3
hardware architecture, 3-2, 3-8
tightly coupled nodes, 3-6
LRU list, lock elements, 9-17

M

manual archiving, 21-3-21-4
dropping a redo log file, 14-10
massively parallel system, 1-5, 11-15
application profile, 3-3
disk access, 3-3
hardware architecture, 3-9
master free list, 11-6
master node, 8-9
mastering, lock, 8-9, 19-8
MAX_COMMIT_PROPAGATION_DELAY parameter, 4-8, 18-8-18-9
MAX_SORT_SIZE, A-6
MAXDATAFILES option, 14-12
MAXEXTENTS storage parameter
automatic allocations, 11-17, 17-11
preallocating extents, 17-13
MAXINSTANCES option, 11-15, 14-4
changing, 14-12
MAXINSTANCES parameter, 23-5
assign free lists to instances, 11-13, 11-15
calculating non-PCM locks, 16-5
calculating non-PCM resources, 16-4
conversion to multi-instance, 23-5, 23-7
MAXLOGFILES option, 14-4, 14-12
MAXLOGHISTORY option, 6-5, 14-4
changing, 14-12
CREATE CONTROLFILE, 21-7
exceeding, 21-7
log history, 21-7
MAXLOGHISTORY parameter, 23-7
MAXLOGMEMBERS option, 14-4, 14-12
media failure, 22-2, 22-16, A-19
access to files, 6-2
automatic recovery, 21-7
recovery, A-19
media recovery, 22-17
incomplete, 22-17
log history, 14-4, 21-7, 22-18
O/S utilities, 22-17
member, MAXLOGMEMBERS, 14-4
memory
cache, 4-6
cached data, 4-6
distributed locks, 5-5
IDLM requirements, 8-10
SGA, 6-7
message
access to files, 6-2, 22-13
ALERT file, 6-2, 22-13
distributed lock manager, 9-8
instance shutdown, 18-25
parameter values, 6-2
messaging, in parallel processing, 1-12
migration
data migration, B-2
planning for future, 1-15
returning to exclusive mode, 17-10
MINEXTENTS storage parameter
automatic allocations, 11-17, 17-11, 17-13
default, 17-11
mode
archiving, 4-7, 14-2, 14-10, 21-3
database access, 4-2, 18-10, 18-13
exclusive mode, 4-2
incompatible, 8-3
lock compatibility, 9-11
lock element, 9-17
PCM lock, 4-14
modified data
instance recovery, 22-11
updates, 5-5
modulo, 9-21, 11-13, 11-15, 17-9, 17-11
MONITOR command
default instance in display screen, 18-17
specifying an instance, 18-19
MONITOR STATISTICS CACHE, 20-15
MONITOR.SQL script, 20-4
mount lock, 7-3, 10-5, 18-20
MOUNT option, 18-11
MPP systems, 1-5
MTS_DISPATCHER parameter, 22-5
MTS_LISTENER_ADDRESS parameter, 22-5
MTS_MULTIPLE_LISTENERS parameter, 22-5
MTS_SERVICE parameter, 22-4
multi-instance database
converting application, 23-4
definition, 1-17
reasons not to convert to, 23-3
reasons to convert to, 23-3
requirements, 23-4
multiple shared mode, 4-2, 10-5
multiple user handles, 22-8
multiplexed redo log files, 6-4
example, 6-4
log history, 21-7
total number of files, 14-4
multi-threaded server (MTS), 8-11
failover, 22-4
multiversion read consistency, 4-7

N

Net8
client-server configuration, 1-20
connect string, 18-18-18-19
connecting with, 20-6
distributed database system, 1-19
for CONNECT, 18-15
for SET INSTANCE, 18-15
Net8 Administrator's Guide, 14-9
network usage, 19-3
NEXT storage parameter, 6-8, 21-5
NFS, 5-7, 23-5, 23-10
NLS_* parameters, 18-8
NOARCHIVELOG mode, 14-10
changing mode, 14-2, 14-10, B-3
creating a database, 14-2, 14-10
offline backups, 4-7
requiring offline backups, 21-3
node
adding, 17-12, 23-3
cache coherency, 4-11
definition, 1-2
failure, 1-14, 1-19, 21-9, 22-11
independent operation, 1-11
local, 18-5, 18-7
parallel backup, 21-13
parallel shutdown, 18-25
recovery time, 21-9
remote, 18-15, 18-18
single to cluster, 23-3
NOMOUNT option, 14-3, 22-21
non-fixed mode, lock element, 9-17
non-PCM lock
calculating, 16-5
dictionary cache lock, 10-5
DML lock, 10-3
enqueue, 7-4
IDLM capacity, 7-6
library cache lock, 10-4
mount lock, 10-5
overview, 10-2
relative number, 7-6
system change number, 10-4
table lock, 10-3
transaction lock, 10-3
types, 7-6
user control, 7-6
non-PCM resources, calculating, 16-4
NOORDER option, 6-7
null lock mode, 4-14
number generator, 6-6

O

obsolete parameters, A-17-A-18
OCIStmtFetch, 22-9
OCITransRollback, 22-9
offline backup, 4-7, 21-1
parallel, 21-13
redo log files, 21-13
offline datafile, A-15
offline tablespace
deferred rollback segments, A-15
restrictions, 6-8, A-15
ogmsctl command, 18-20
OLTP applications, 1-4, 1-6, 1-8, 1-13-1-14, 2-8, 3-3
online backup, 4-7, 21-1
archiving log files, 21-16
checkpoint, 21-10
parallel, 21-13
procedure, 21-16
redo log files, 21-13
online datafile operations, A-15
online recovery, 6-3, 22-11, 22-13, 22-17,
A-19
online redo log file
archive log mode, 14-10
archiving, 21-1, 21-7
checkpoint interval, 21-10
log switch, 21-7, 21-12
thread of redo, 6-3, 18-12
online transaction processing, 1-4
OPEN option, 18-11
operating system
exported files, B-2
Integrated DLM, 9-8
privileges, 18-17
scalability, 2-5
OPS_ADMIN_GROUP parameter, 18-22,
20-3, A-2
OPS_FAILOVER clause, A-7
opsctl program, 18-20
Oracle
background processes, 5-6
backing up, 4-7, 21-1
compatibility, 17-10, B-3
configurations, 1-15
data dictionary, 6-6
datafile compatibility, 6-2
exclusive mode, 4-2, 18-11
free space unavailable, 17-10
instance recovery, 22-11
instances on MPP nodes, 3-9
migration, A-14
multi-instance, 7-4
obsolete parameters, A-18
performance features, 4-6
restrictions, 6-7, A-14-A-15
shared mode, 4-2
single-instance, 7-4
version on all nodes, 5-7
Oracle executable, 23-9
oracle_pid, 11-13
ORDER option, 6-6-6-7
overhead
calculating non-PCM locks, 16-5
calculating non-PCM resources, 16-4

P

parallel backup, 21-13
parallel cache management, 4-10
parallel cache management lock
acquiring, 4-14
conversion, 9-5
definition, 7-6, 9-2
disowning, 4-14
exclusive, 4-14
how they work, 9-3
implementations, 7-6
minimizing number of, 12-2
null, 4-14
number of blocks per lock, 9-6
owned by instance LCK processes, 9-5
owned by multiple instances, 9-6
periodicity, 9-8
relative number, 7-6
releasable hashed, 9-4, 15-7, 15-9
releasing, 4-14
sequence, 4-7
user control, 7-6
parallel database
and parallel query, 1-21
availability, 1-14
benefits, 1-14
definition, 1-6
parallel mode, 4-2
file operation restrictions, A-14-A-15,
B-3
recovery restrictions, A-19
sequence restrictions, 6-7, B-4
shutdown, 18-25
startup, 18-7
PARALLEL option, 18-11
parallel processing
benefits, 1-13
characteristics, 1-5
elements of, 1-7
for integrated operations, 1-6
for MPPs, 1-5
for SMPs, 1-5
hardware architecture, 3-1-3-2
implementations, 3-2
messaging, 1-12
misconceptions about, 2-12
Oracle configurations, 1-15
types of workload, 1-13
when advantageous, 2-7
when not advantageous, 2-9
parallel processor affinity, A-11
parallel query
calculating overhead, 16-4-16-5
limiting instances, 18-26
processor affinity, A-11
query processing, 1-3, 1-21, 2-5
scalability, 12-3
speedup and scaleup, 1-13
under Oracle Parallel Server, 1-21
parallel recovery, 22-16, 22-24-22-25
PARALLEL_DEFAULT_MAX_INSTANCES parameter, 18-9, 18-26
PARALLEL_DEFAULT_MAXSCANS
parameter, 18-9
PARALLEL_INSTANCE_GROUP
parameter, 18-22
PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS parameter,
18-26
, 22-24-22-25
calculating non-PCM locks, 16-5
calculating non-PCM resources, 16-4
ensuring IDLM lock capacity, 16-7
PARALLEL_SERVER parameter, 18-8,
18-11-18-13
parameter
controlling PCM locks, 9-12
database creation, 11-15, 14-4
obsolete, A-18
storage, 6-8, 17-6-17-7, 17-10
parameter file, 18-2
backing up, 21-1
common file, 18-4-18-5, 23-8
conversion to multi-instance, 23-8
duplicate values, 18-6
identical parameters, 18-6
NFS access inadvisable, 23-10
PFILE, 18-5, 18-7, 23-7
remote instance, 18-5, 18-7, 18-18
partitioning
application, 12-6
data, 12-7
elements, 2-10
guidelines, 2-10
horizontal, 2-11
of OLTP applications, 2-8
vertical, 2-10
partitioning data, 11-12
data files, 6-2, 17-11
free lists, 11-2, 11-15, 17-10, 18-14
index data, 15-5
PCM locks, 11-15, 15-5-15-6, 17-10
rollback segments, 6-8, 6-10
table data, 11-12, 11-15, 15-5, 17-10
PCM lock
adding datafiles, 15-13
allocating, 15-2
calculating, 15-19
checking for valid number, 15-11, 15-14
contention, 11-15, 15-5-15-6, 17-10
conversion, 15-18, 20-6
estimating number needed, 15-3
exclusive, 9-23
fixed fine grain, 9-4
fixed hashed, 9-4
index data, 15-5
mapping blocks to, 9-6, 11-15, 17-10
planning, 15-2
releasable fine grain, 9-3
releasable hashed, 9-4
sessions waiting, 15-18
set of files, 9-7
shared, 9-23, 15-5
specifying total number, 14-11
valid lock assignments, 15-12
worksheets, 15-4
PCM resources, calculating, 15-22
PCTFREE, 11-5, 19-7, 20-8
PCTINCREASE parameter
table extents, 17-10
PCTUSED, 11-5, 20-8
performance
and lock mastering, 8-9
application, 11-12
benefits of parallel database, 1-14
caching sequences, 6-7
fine grain locking, 9-17
inserts and updates, 11-12
monitoring, 20-1
Oracle8 features, 4-6
rollback segments, 6-9-6-10
sequence numbers, 6-7
shared resource system, 1-15
tuning, 20-1
persistent resource, 8-3, 8-10
PFILE option, 18-5, 18-7
conversion to multi-instance, 23-7
ping rate, 15-16
ping/write ratio, 19-4
pinging, 9-8-9-9, 15-16-15-17
definition, 9-3, 20-9
detecting, 20-9
false, 9-15
tuning, 20-7
PL/SQL shared memory areas, 5-5
PMON process, 5-6
POST_TRANSACTION option, 22-7
pre-allocating extent, 11-17
preconnect, 22-6
prime number, A-2
private rollback segment
acquisition, 6-8
creating, 14-6
individual parameter file, 18-4
specifying, 6-10
private thread, 14-10
privilege, ALTER SYSTEM, 21-11-21-12
process free list
definition, 11-5
pinging of segment header, 11-7
PROCESSES parameter, 18-8
calculating non-PCM locks, 16-5
calculating non-PCM resources, 16-4
ensuring LM lock capacity, 16-7
processor affinity, parallel query, A-11
protected write mode, 8-7
PUBLIC option, thread of redo, 14-10
public rollback segment, 14-7, 18-4

R

random access, 2-8
raw device, 23-5
read consistency
multiversion, 4-7
rollback information, 6-8
read lock mode, 4-14
read-only access, 4-7, 4-14
applications, 2-7
index data, 15-5
read PCM lock, 4-14
read-only tables, 12-3
RECO process, 1-18, 5-6
RECOVER command, 18-17, 22-17, 22-23, 22-25
RECOVER DATABASE statement, 22-17
RECOVER DATAFILE statement, 22-17
RECOVER TABLESPACE statement, 22-17
recovery, 22-1
access to files, 6-2-6-3, 22-13
after SHUTDOWN ABORT, 18-25
archive history, 14-4
automatic, 21-7
conversion to multi-instance, 23-10
deferred transaction, A-8
definition, 22-2
detection of error, 19-8
disaster, 22-20, 22-23
FREEZE_DB_FOR_INSTANCE_
RECOVERY, 22-13
from an offline backup, 22-20
from an online backup, 22-20
from multiple node failure, 22-11
from single-node failure, 22-11
global checkpoint, 21-11
incomplete media, 22-17
instance, 14-4, 18-25, 21-9, 22-10
instance failure, 22-2
instance recovery, 22-1
LCKn process, 7-7
log history, 21-7, 22-18
media failure, 6-2, 21-7, 21-11, 22-16-
22-17, A-19
online, 22-11
parallel, 22-24-22-25
PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS
parameter, 22-24
-22-25
phases, 22-14
Recovery Manager, 22-17
recovery time, 21-9, 21-11
restrictions, A-19
rolling back, 6-8
setting parallelism, 22-24-22-25
starting another instance, 14-4
using redo log, 21-13
Recovery Manager, 22-16
archive log backup, 21-8
disaster recovery, 22-20
incomplete media recovery, 22-17
media recovery, 22-17
sample script, 22-22
RECOVERY_PARALLELISM parameter,
18-8
, 22-2, 22-24-22-25
redo log
archiving mode, 21-3
block, 21-10
instance recovery, 22-11
log history, 21-7
reconfiguring, 14-10
redo log buffer, 5-5
redo log file
accessibility, 5-7
adding, A-15
archiving, 4-7, 14-10, 21-1, 21-3, 21-12
backup, 21-13
dropping, 21-12, A-15
identified in control file, 6-5
log history, 21-7
log sequence number, 21-6
multiplexed, 21-7
overwriting, 4-7, 21-3
renaming, 21-12, A-15
size, 21-10
thread of redo, 6-3, 21-5
relative file number, 6-3
releasable freelist waits, 15-14
releasable hashed PCM lock, 9-4, 15-7, 15-9
remote databases, 1-19
remote I/O, 2-3
remote instance, 18-5, 18-7, 18-18
remote instance undo requests, 20-15
remote instance undo writes, 20-14
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE
parameter, 18-24
renaming a file
log switch, 21-12
redo log file, A-15
RENAME FILE option, A-15
replicated systems, 23-2
resource
database, 4-10
operating system, 18-7
persistent, 8-3, 8-10
releasing, 22-11
response time, 1-10
RESTORE DATABASE statement, 22-17
RESTORE DATAFILE statement, 22-17
RESTORE TABLESPACE statement, 22-17
restrictions
cached sequence, 6-7
changing the redo log, 14-10
deferred rollback segments, A-15
file operations, A-14-A-15, B-3
offline tablespace, 6-8, A-15
recovery, A-19
RETRY option, 18-13
rollback segment, 14-6
contention, 6-8-6-9, 14-6
deferred, 6-9, A-15
description, 6-8
distributed locks, 6-9
global constant parameters, 6-9
header block, 6-9
ID number, 14-6, 14-8
monitoring contention for, 20-12
multiple, 6-8, 14-6, 18-13
name, 14-6, 14-8
online, 6-8, 14-8
onlining, A-9
private, 6-8, 23-10
public, 6-8, 14-7
public vs. private, 6-10, 14-7, 18-4
specifying, 14-6
SYSTEM, 6-8
tablespace, 6-8, 14-6, 14-8
total number, 6-9
rollback segment tablespace
loss of, 23-10
ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS parameter,
6-10
-6-11, 18-8-18-9
conversion to multi-instance, 23-8
private and public segments, 14-6-14-7
rolling back
instance recovery, 22-11
rollback segments, 6-8
row locks, 4-14
routing, data dependent, 19-6, 12-7
row cache
data dictionary, 6-6
row level locking, 7-2
DML locks, 10-3
independent of PCM locks, 4-14
resource sharing system, 4-7, 5-4
ROW_CACHE_MULTI_INSTANCE
parameter (Oracle Version 6), A-18
ROW_LOCKING parameter, 18-9

S

SC, System Change Number, 10-4
scalability
application, 2-2, 2-6, 2-12
database, 2-5
definition, 1-9
determinants, 1-14
disk input and output, 2-3
enhancement for release 7.3, A-7
four levels of, 2-2
hardware, 2-3
network, 2-6
operating system, 2-5
potential, 1-13
relative, 2-8
shared memory system, 2-5
SCN, 4-5
SCSI, 3-3
SDUSIZE parameter, 22-5
segment
definition, 11-3
header block, 6-9, 11-14, 14-8
header contention, 11-7, 19-6
ID number, 14-6, 14-8
name, 14-8
rollback segment, 6-8
size, 14-8
sequence
data dictionary cache, 4-7, 6-7
log sequence number, 21-6-21-7
not cached, 6-7, B-4
timestamp, 6-7
SEQUENCE number, 20-8
sequence number generator
application scalability, 2-6
contention, 2-9
distributed locks, 6-6
LM locks, 4-7
on parallel server, 6-6
restriction, 6-7, B-4
skipping sequence numbers, 6-7
SEQUENCE_CACHE_ENTRIES parameter, 6-7
sequential processing, 1-3-1-4
SERIALIZABLE parameter, 18-9
server, client-server configuration, 5-4
Server Manager privileged commands, 18-17
session
multiple, 18-5, 18-19, 18-25
waiting for PCM lock conversion, 15-18
SESSIONS parameter, 16-7
SET INSTANCE command, 18-5, 18-16
instance startup, 18-5, 18-18
requires Net8, 18-15
SET UNTIL command, 22-20
shared disk system
advantages, 3-7
disadvantages, 3-7
implementations, 3-3
scalability, 2-3
with shared nothing system, 3-10
shared exclusive mode, 8-7
shared memory system
scalability, 2-5
tightly coupled, 3-4
shared mode
database access, 4-2
datafiles, 6-2
file operation restrictions, A-15
instance number, 18-14
instance recovery, 22-10
recovery restrictions, 22-17
startup, 18-13
shared nothing system
advantages, 3-9
disadvantages, 3-10
disk access, 3-2
massively parallel systems, 3-9
overview, 3-8
scalability, 2-3
with shared disk system, 3-10
SHARED option, 18-11
shared PL/SQL area, 5-5
shared resource system
incremental growth, 17-12
shared SQL area, 5-5, 12-7
SHOW INSTANCE command, 18-17-18-18
SHOW PARAMETERS command, 18-14, 18-17, 18-19
SHOW SGA command, 18-17, 18-19
SHUTDOWN command, 18-25
ABORT option, 18-25
checkpoint, 21-10
IMMEDIATE option, 18-25, 21-10
specifying an instance, 18-18
SHUTDOWN NORMAL, 22-7
SHUTDOWN TRANSACTIONAL, 22-7
shutting down an instance, 18-25
abnormal shutdown, 18-25
archiving redo log files, 21-11
changing startup order, 18-14
checkpoint, 21-10
forcing a log switch, 21-11
lost sequence numbers, 6-7
unarchived log files, 21-4
single instance database, 1-16
single shared mode, 4-2, 10-5
SINGLE_PROCESS parameter, 18-13
SIZE option, allocating extents, 17-12
SMON process, 5-6
instance recovery, 22-11
SHUTDOWN ABORT, 18-25
transaction recovery, A-9
SMP, 1-16
sort enhancements, A-6
SORT MERGE JOIN, 12-3
sort space, A-6
SORT_DIRECT_WRITES parameter, A-10
space
allocating extents, 17-12
deallocating unused, 17-15
free blocks, 11-2, 11-17
free list, 11-2
not allocated to instance, 11-6, 17-11
SGA, 18-19
sources of free blocks, 11-6
unavailable in exclusive mode, 17-10
specialized servers, 1-6
speed-down, 1-8, 1-14
speedup, 1-7, 1-14
SQL area, shared, 12-7
SQL statement
instance-specific, 18-16
restrictions, B-3
starting up
after file operations, 15-6, A-15
creating database and, 14-3
during instance recovery, 14-4
exclusive mode, 17-12, 18-10
global constant parameters, 6-9, 18-7
LCKn process, 7-7
remote instance, 18-5, 18-7, 18-18
rollback segments, 6-8, 14-6
shared mode, 18-13, A-15
startup order, 18-14
verifying access to files, 6-2
STARTUP command, 14-3, 18-5, 18-11
MOUNT option, 22-23
OPEN option, 18-11
PFILE option, 18-5, 18-7
specifying an instance, 18-18
statistics
display system, 20-14
frequency of PCM lock conversion, 20-4
lock conversions, 20-9
tuning, 19-2
V$FILESTAT view, 20-13
V$SESSTAT and V$SYSSTAT, 20-14
storage options
clustered tables, 17-6, A-17
extent size, 6-8, 17-10-17-13
index, 17-7
rollback segment, 6-8
table, 17-6
stored procedures, 7-8
striping, disk, 20-13
sub-shared exclusive mode, 8-7
sub-shared mode, 8-7
switch archiving mode, 14-2, 14-10, B-3
symmetric multiprocessor, 2-5, 3-3-3-4
configuration, 1-16
in loosely coupled system, 3-6
parallel processing, 1-5
synchronization
cost of, 1-11, 1-17, 2-9, 2-11-2-12
minimizing, 13-2
non-PCM, 4-15
overhead, 1-10
SYSDBA, 18-11, 18-19, 18-25, 20-4, 21-12
SYSOPER, 18-11, 18-19, 18-25, 21-12
system change number (SCN), 10-4
archive file format, 21-6
archiving redo log files, 21-5
incrementation, 4-5
Lamport, 4-8
non-PCM lock, 7-6
redo log history, 21-7
System Global Area (SGA)
in parallel server, 5-5
instance, 5-4
parameter file, 18-2
row cache, 6-6
sequence cache, 6-7
SHOW SGA command, 18-19
statistics, 18-19
SYSTEM rollback segment, 6-8
global constant, 6-9
SYSTEM tablespace, 14-6
system-specific Oracle documentation
archived redo log name, 21-6
client-server processing, 1-20
connecting with Net8, 20-6
datafiles, maximum number, B-3
free list overhead, 11-5
instance number range, 17-11
load balancing, 22-5
MAXLOGHISTORY default, 21-7
Net8 connect string, 14-9, 18-15
recovery process allocation, 22-25
redo log archive destination, 21-6
supported Oracle configurations, 1-15
system change number (SCN), 4-5
system change number, Lamport, 4-8

T

table
access pattern, 12-3
allocating extents, 11-11, 17-12
cluster, 17-7
contention, 6-8, 17-11
free space unavailable, 17-10
initial storage, 11-17, 17-11
lock, 7-3, 7-6
multiple files, 11-12, 17-11
PCM locks, 11-15, 17-10
read-only, 12-3
tablespace, 6-8
table lock, 10-3
disabling, 16-8
minimizing, 16-7
TABLE_LOCK column, 16-8
tablespace
active rollback segments, 6-8
backup, 4-7, 21-1, 21-10
creating, 15-6, A-15
data files, A-15
dropping, 15-6, A-15
index data, 15-5
offline, 6-8
online rollback segments, 14-6, 14-8
parallel backup, 21-13
parallel recovery, 22-16
read-only, 15-12
recovery, 22-17, A-19
rollback segment, 6-8, 14-6, 14-8
SYSTEM, 14-6
tables, 6-8
taking offline, 6-8, A-15
thread
archive file format, 21-6
archiving redo log files, 21-5, 21-11-
21-12
associated with an instance, 14-9
closed, 21-16
disabled, 14-10
enabled, 21-7, 21-16, 22-18
example, 6-4
exclusive mode, 18-12
forced log switch, 21-11
log history, 21-7
number of groups, 6-4, 14-5
open, 21-7, 21-16
public, 14-9-14-10
single, 4-8
THREAD option, 18-16, 21-5, 21-12
creating private thread, 6-3
creating public thread, 6-3
disabling a thread, 14-10
when required, 14-10
THREAD parameter, 14-9, 18-8
conversion to multi-instance, 23-8
individual parameter files, 18-4
instance acquiring thread, 6-3
tightly coupled system
hardware architecture, 3-4, 3-6
implementations, 3-2
in loosely coupled cluster, 3-6
performance, 3-4
TM, DML Enqueue, 10-3
TNSNAMES.ORA file, 22-3
TP monitor, A-7
trace file
conversion to multi-instance, 23-5
transaction
aborted, 6-8
committed data, 4-7, 21-11
concurrent, 4-7, 4-11, 5-4
inserts, 4-8, 11-2
instance failure, 22-11
isolation, 4-14
lock, 4-11, 7-2, 7-4, 7-6, 7-7, 10-3
offline tablespace, 6-9, A-15
recovery, A-8
rollback segments, 6-9, A-15
rolling back, 6-8, 22-11
row locking, 4-7, 4-14
sequence numbers, 6-6
updates, 4-7, 11-2
waiting for recovery, 22-11
transaction free list, 11-5
transaction processing monitor, 12-8
TRANSACTIONAL option
SHUTDOWN, 22-7
TRANSACTIONS parameter, 6-11
calculating non-PCM locks, 16-5
calculating non-PCM resources, 16-4
ensuring IDLM lock capacity, 16-7
TRANSACTIONS_PER_ROLLBACK
parameter, 6-11
tuning, general guidelines, 19-2
two-phase commits, 1-19
TX, Transaction, 10-3

U

updates
at different times, 2-7
concurrent, 4-7, 11-14
free lists, 11-14, 18-14
instance lock, 9-8
PCM lock, 4-14
performance, 11-12
upgrade, 23-2
user
benefits of parallel database, 1-15
commits statistic, 20-15
handles, 22-8
multiple, 5-4
name and password, 18-18
PUBLIC, 14-7-14-8
SYS, 14-8
user process
free list, 11-2, 11-15, 17-7
instance shutdown errors, 18-25
manual archiving, 21-4
USER_TABLES table, 16-8
user-level IDLM, 8-10
utilities, Export, Import, B-2

V

V$ACTIVE_INSTANCES view, 23-5, A-5
V$BH view, 9-10, 19-5, 20-4-20-5, 20-10,
A-3
, A-5, A-13
V$CACHE view, 19-5, 20-4-20-5, A-13
V$CACHE_LOCK view, 20-3-20-4
V$CLASS_PING view, 20-4, 20-10, A-3
V$DATAFILE view, 6-3, 15-11, 20-13
V$DISPATCHER_RATE view, 22-5
V$DISPATCHER_RATE_AVERAGE view, 22-5
V$DISPATCHER_RATE_CURRENT view, 22-5
V$DISPATCHER_RATE_MAXIMUM view, 22-5
V$DLM_CONVERT_LOCAL view, 8-12,
A-3
V$DLM_CONVERT_REMOTE view, 8-12, A-3
V$DLM_LATCH view, 8-12, A-3
V$DLM_MISC view, 8-12, A-3
V$FALSE_PING view, 20-4
V$FILE_PING view, 20-4, 20-10, A-3
V$FILESTAT view, 20-13
V$LE table, 9-17
V$LOCK view, 7-9
V$LOCK_ACTIVITY view, 20-3-20-4, A-13
COUNTER column, 20-4
detecting lock conversion, 19-3
querying, 20-6-20-7
V$LOCK_ELEMENT view, 9-17, 20-4
V$LOCKS_WITH_COLLISIONS view, 20-3-20-4, A-12
V$LOG_HISTORY view, 21-7
V$LOGFILE view, 6-5
V$PING view, 19-5-19-6, 20-4-20-5, A-13
querying, 20-7, 20-9
V$RECOVERY_LOG view, 21-7
V$RESOURCE_LIMIT view, 16-3, A-3
V$ROLLNAME view, 20-3
V$SESSION view, 22-6-22-7
V$SESSION_WAIT view, 15-18
V$SESSTAT view, 20-14
V$SORT_SEGMENT view, A-5-A-6
V$SYSSTAT view, 15-14, 22-13, A-3
detecting lock conversion, 19-3
querying, 20-14
V$SYSTEM_EVENT view, 15-18
V$THREAD view, 23-5
V$WAITSTAT view, 19-6, 20-11-20-12
valid bit, lock element, 9-17
versions, Oracle, 17-10, A-1, A-14
vertical partitioning, 2-10
view
global, 18-23, 20-3
rollback segments, 14-7
virtual memory usage, 19-3

W

wait time, 1-5, 1-10
wait, session, 15-18
workload
and scaleup, 1-13
balancing, 1-6
mixed, 1-6
partitioning, 1-20
type of, 1-6, 1-13

X

X$ dynamic performance table, 15-12
XA interface, A-7
XA library, 8-11
XA_RECOVER call, A-7
XNC column, 20-5


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